尤物视频

Although Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995) has long been considered one of the most influential philosophers in Europe, it is only over the past 20 years or so that his work has been taken up in North American philosophy and even more recently within philosophy of education.

Levinas challenges鈥攐r, more accurately, turns upside-down鈥攎any of our taken-for-granted assumptions about moral responsibility and what it means to be an ethical self. For example, instead of the typical emphasis on individual rights and freedoms that has characterized morality in the Western world for the past 200 years or so, Levinas says that the only right I have (ethically speaking) is the right to pursue the rights and freedoms of the other. My own philosophical work on Levinas is around how his conception of ethical responsibility might impact our understanding of moral education in increasingly diverse classrooms.

This strand of my research is intended to challenge the ways in which we currently think about educating for social and moral responsibility in schools. The currently dominant approaches tend to fall into one of two strands:

a.  an emphasis on empathy and the ability to see all people as members of a common humanity regardless of differences in race, class, gender, ability, or sexual orientation as a necessary step to seeing others鈥� well-being as our own moral concern; or

b.  an emphasis on cultivating virtuous behaviour typical of programs in character education.

In my view, Levinas offers us a conception quite outside both of these models, but it is not an approach that lends itself readily to prescriptions for practice. Rather, it is about adopting or embodying a different ethical stance in our relationships with the Other.

Chinnery, A. (2010). Encountering the philosopher as teacher: The pedagogical postures of Emmanuel Levinas. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(8), 1704-1709.

This paper is perhaps the clearest example of the intersection of my work on Levinas and teacher education. I rely primarily on interviews, memories, and testimonials from Levinas鈥� former students, colleagues, and long-time secretary in order to draw out three salient themes, or postures, in Levinas鈥� teaching during his 40-plus years as teacher and director of l鈥櫭塩ole Normale Isra茅lite Orientale, a teacher training school in Paris. I then offer some tentative suggestions about what we might learn, especially from the concept of ma卯tre 脿 penser, for our own ongoing work in teacher education.

Chinnery, A., & Bai, H. (2008). Justice in the name of the other: Levinas on rights and responsibility. In D. Eg茅a-Kuehne (Ed.), Levinas and education: At the intersection of faith and reason (pp. 228-241). London: Routledge.

In this chapter, we trace historical discourses of rights and responsibilities in Western thought and contrast them with Levinas鈥� inversion of those discourses. Whereas the prevailing social contract approach emphasizes rational self-interest, Levinas insists that the only (ethical) right we have is the right to pursue the freedom and rights of the other. In the final section of the chapter we explore what such radically other-centred ethics might mean for moral education.

Chinnery, A. (2007). On compassion and community without identity: Implications for moral education. In D. Vokey (Ed.), Philosophy of Education 2006 (pp. 330-338). Urbana-Champaign, IL: Philosophy of Education Society.

In this paper, which is intended for both teacher educators and philosophers of education, I critique the rather romantic way in which the notion of 鈥榗ommunity鈥� is often taken up in classroom settings. In contrast to an understanding of community as based on perceived similarity or identity, I draw on Zygmunt Bauman鈥檚 conception of community as 鈥減ermanent coexistence with the stranger鈥� and I posit Levinas鈥� conception of compassion as a potential moral framework for such an approach.

Chinnery, A. (2003). Aesthetics of surrender: Levinas and the disruption of agency in moral education. Studies in Philosophy and Education 22(1), 5-17.

This paper focuses on Levinas鈥� conception of subjectivity as an inescapable position of ethical responsibility to and for the other. Using the metaphor of jazz improvisation I highlight three aspects of Levinas鈥� ethics in order to show that a robust conception of moral agency need not rest on a conception of subjectivity as sovereign rational autonomy.

To learn more about Levinas' ethics and education, see the works of:

Eg茅a-Kuehne, D. (ed.) (2008). Levinas and education: At the intersection of faith and reason.New York: Routledge.

Studies in Philosophy and Education 22 (1). Special issue, 鈥淟evinas and education: The question of implication.鈥� (Sharon Todd, Guest Editor).