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The nature and extent of these impacts are) Tj T* 0.0323 Tc -0.4345 Tw (site specific, and may be temporary or can persist for) Tj T* -0.0109 Tc -0.6314 Tw (long periods of time. In some areas, the concentration) Tj T* -0.2193 Tc -0.5429 Tw (of chloride in the groundwater and stream baseflow may) Tj T* 0.3239 Tc 1.3996 Tw (reach levels sufficient to impair the potability of) Tj T* -0.0403 Tc -0.6362 Tw (groundwater or alter aquatic habitat. This Synthesis of) Tj T* 0.0034 Tc -0.7485 Tw (Best Practices establishes Guiding Principles to aid in) Tj T* 0.1801 Tc 1.5177 Tw (the design of drainage works for existing or new) Tj T* -0.1822 Tc -0.7 Tw (roadways, and provides a framework to identify the spe-) Tj T* -0.065 Tc 1.3085 Tw (cific practices that can be implemented to minimize) Tj T* -0.2661 Tc -0.5476 Tw (potential impacts of salt on the surrounding environment.) Tj 0 -33.12 TD 0.0489 Tc -0.4511 Tw (This Chapter of the Synthesis of Best Practices does) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1169 Tc -0.5596 Tw (not specifically address the impacts of salt-laden runoff) Tj T* 0.0236 Tc 0.0542 Tw (and salt spray on vegetation. The Synthesis of Best) Tj T* 0.4299 Tc 1.5679 Tw (Practices for Vegetation Management provides) Tj T* 0.0437 Tc 1.474 Tw (information on this aspect of snow and ice control) Tj T* -0.1786 Tc -0.7036 Tw (chemicals. It also does not deal with other contaminants) Tj T* -0.187 Tc -0.4553 Tw (in roadway runoff.) Tj 0 -25.44 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.0994 Tc -0.3966 Tw (RELATIONSHIP TO SALT MANAGEMENT) Tj 0 -20.16 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0366 Tc 0.0271 Tw (Much of the salt that is placed on a road during snow) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0123 Tc -0.39 Tw (and ice control operations eventually runs off with the) Tj T* -0.2838 Tc -0.6784 Tw (roadway drainage. This drainage enters the environment) Tj T* -0.0426 Tc 0.8061 Tw (through three primary pathways. The first is through) Tj T* -0.2443 Tc -0.6379 Tw (overland drainage or stormsewer systems ultimately dis-) Tj T* -0.1698 Tc -0.5324 Tw (charging to nearby surface water. The second is infiltra-) Tj T* -0.0724 Tc 0.3901 Tw (tion into the ground potentially entering groundwater.) Tj 258.24 375.84 TD -0.0428 Tc -0.0394 Tw (The third is through spray caused by traffic and wind,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1985 Tc -0.3958 Tw (potentially affecting adjacent vegetation and agricultural) Tj T* -0.0946 Tc 0 Tw (crops.) Tj 0 -21.12 TD -0.0721 Tc -0.6902 Tw (If any of these pathways introduce high salt concentra-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2235 Tc -0.5987 Tw (tions to salt vulnerable areas, then adverse impacts may) Tj T* -0.2546 Tc 0 Tw (occur.) Tj ET 0.7843 0.7765 0.8745 rg 60.48 491.04 491.04 122.88 re f 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg 60 614.4 m 552 614.4 l 552 490.56 l 60 490.56 l 60 614.4 l 60.96 491.52 l 551.04 491.52 l 551.04 613.44 l 60.96 613.44 l 60.96 491.52 l 60 614.4 l f* BT 71.04 597.12 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 10.08 Tf -0.0074 Tc -0.7548 Tw (This is one in a series of Syntheses of Best Practices related to the effective management of road salt use in) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0217 Tc -0.6982 Tw (winter maintenance operations. This Synthesis is provided as advice to road maintainers for consideration) Tj T* -0.1368 Tc -0.6325 Tw (when developing their own Salt Management Plan. The Synthesis is not intended to be used prescriptively but) Tj T* 0.0134 Tc -0.8056 Tw (is to be used in concert with the legislation, manuals, directives and procedures of individual road agencies.) Tj T* 0.0871 Tc -0.6264 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices have been produced on Salt Management Plans, Training, Road and Bridge) Tj T* 0.3587 Tc 1.3724 Tw (Design, Drainage and Stormwater Management, Pavements and Salt Management, Vegetation) Tj T* 0.065 Tc -0.5411 Tw (Management, Design and Operation of Road Maintenance Yards, Snow Storage and Disposal Sites and,) Tj T* -0.0502 Tc -0.6105 Tw (Winter Maintenance Equipment and Technologies. For more detailed information, please refer to TAC\222s Salt) Tj T* -0.1555 Tc -0.8868 Tw (Management Guide \226 1999.) 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EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -10.08 60 48.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 120 /H 21 /BPC 1 /IM true ID `00x EI Q BT 305.28 46.08 TD 0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.28 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.32 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0809 Tc 0.4329 Tw (Proper drainage planning and design can reduce the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0135 Tc -0.5259 Tw (potential impacts on salt vulnerable areas by isolating) Tj T* -0.1724 Tc -0.5899 Tw (the drainage from vulnerable areas.) Tj 0 -21.12 TD -0.0478 Tc -0.6544 Tw (This Synthesis of Best Practices, when used in combi-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0327 Tc 0.1105 Tw (nation with other policies and guidelines for drainage) Tj T* -0.0623 Tc -0.58 Tw (design, will assist in the responsible selection of drain-) Tj T* -0.0356 Tc -0.4466 Tw (age management measures. Regardless of the policy) Tj T* -0.1502 Tc -0.6635 Tw (framework, the following guiding principles exist for cre-) Tj T* -0.0943 Tc -0.1708 Tw (ating an overall management plan that also minimizes) Tj T* -0.0014 Tc -0.6408 Tw (salt related impacts:) Tj 0 -20.64 TD -0.3634 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.12 0 TD 0.0139 Tc 0.3038 Tw (Roadway safety is the priority. Drainage design) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.028 Tc -0.6486 Tw (must ensure that roadway runoff is efficiently and) Tj T* -0.1521 Tc -0.5381 Tw (safely removed from the travel surface.) Tj -21.12 -18.24 TD -0.3634 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.12 0 TD -0.0406 Tc -0.6016 Tw (Drainage design must comprehensively consider) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1073 Tc -0.5949 Tw (all drainage related impacts in the formulation of a) Tj T* -0.1501 Tc -0.8922 Tw (responsible, effective management strategy.) Tj -21.12 -17.76 TD -0.3634 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.12 0 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.3204 Tw (The most significant, potential, long-term impact) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0625 Tc 1.6152 Tw (of salt-laden runoff is impairment of domestic) Tj T* -0.2732 Tc -0.129 Tw (groundwater supply.) Tj -21.12 -18.24 TD -0.3634 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 21.12 0 TD -0.2666 Tc -0.6843 Tw (Drainage design must endeavor to protect the natu-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2148 Tc -0.6675 Tw (ral environment.) Tj -21.12 -17.76 TD -0.3634 Tc 0 Tw (5.) Tj 21.12 0 TD -0.0594 Tc 0.3429 Tw (Drainage design must be practical and must not) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1462 Tc -0.416 Tw (impose undue maintenance requirements.) Tj -21.12 -19.68 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.0449 Tc -0.7711 Tw (SALT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES) Tj 0 -19.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0216 Tc 0.3127 Tw (The main purpose of any road drainage system is to) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0211 Tc -0.6212 Tw (safely convey runoff downstream to either a natural or) Tj T* -0.0721 Tc -0.3301 Tw (man-made drainage system. Management measures) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.0644 Tc -0.5511 Tw (should be implemented to ensure that this is done with) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0104 Tc -0.6318 Tw (minimal impact to the infiltration characteristics, water) Tj T* -0.118 Tc -0.5242 Tw (quality, erosion potential, and flood risk of the receiving) Tj T* -0.0985 Tc -0.517 Tw (drainage system. At the onset of any drainage design,) Tj T* -0.037 Tc -0.7653 Tw (sufficient information should be collected to character-) Tj T* -0.2199 Tc -0.5252 Tw (ize the existing drainage system surrounding and down-) Tj T* -0.1535 Tc -0.5687 Tw (stream of the roadway.) Tj 0 -20.64 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.2778 Tc -0.5382 Tw (IMPACT IDENTIFICATION) Tj 0 -19.2 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0298 Tc -0.1667 Tw (A detailed surface water assessment should be com-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0186 Tc 0.6964 Tw (pleted to identify all potential impacts to natural fea-) Tj T* -0.022 Tc -0.3803 Tw (tures as a result of the roadway. The requirements of) Tj T* -0.132 Tc -0.5102 Tw (the assessment will be defined by the policy framework) Tj T* -0.0422 Tc 0.4399 Tw (in the area where the drainage design is being com-) Tj T* -0.1073 Tc -0.4749 Tw (pleted. As a minimum, the assessment should include) Tj T* 0.0373 Tc -0.5996 Tw (a review of the impacts of salt-laden surface water on) Tj T* -0.0383 Tc -0.6839 Tw (potable water taken from groundwater sources, sensi-) Tj T* -0.0265 Tc 0.3443 Tw (tive aquatic habitat, agricultural lands, wetlands, and) Tj T* -0.1514 Tc 0 Tw (wildlife.) Tj 0 -19.2 TD -0.0178 Tc -0.6588 Tw (Each of these features is described below. Guidelines) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1589 Tc -0.5862 Tw (have been provided to establish the relative importance) Tj 257.76 623.04 TD -0.0599 Tc -0.2944 Tw (of each feature as defined by low, medium or high po-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0186 Tc -0.6237 Tw (tential for impact. Specific site characteristics may re-) Tj T* -0.0203 Tc 0.2581 Tw (quire that other features be considered as well. The) Tj T* -0.0992 Tc -0.6459 Tw (impact potential identified for all significant features will) Tj T* -0.0163 Tc -0.6603 Tw (assist in the selection of suitable mitigative measures.) Tj 0 -21.6 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.1092 Tc 1.2137 Tw (Ground Water) Tj 0 -19.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf -0.1794 Tc -0.5828 Tw (The suitability of groundwater for potable use and irriga-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.206 Tw (tion can be significantly impaired by the infiltration of) Tj T* -0.0519 Tc -0.3503 Tw (salt captured by roadway runoff. To determine the po-) Tj T* -0.1826 Tc -0.4939 Tw (tential for impact from salt-laden runoff on groundwater,) Tj T* -0.0844 Tc -0.5098 Tw (the following questions must be addressed:) Tj 0 -21.12 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0729 Tc -0.5694 Tw (Are there domestic wells near the roadway?) Tj -21.12 -17.76 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0906 Tc -0.5516 Tw (If there are wells, do they draw from a surficial aq-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.4417 Tc 0 Tw (uifer?) Tj -21.12 -18.24 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf 0.1858 Tc 1.5719 Tw (Are the surficial soils permeable \(sands and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1835 Tc 0 Tw (loams\)?) Tj -21.12 -17.76 TD -0.0717 Tc -0.5706 Tw (The degree of potential impact on groundwater can be) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1801 Tc -0.6336 Tw (determined based on the responses to these questions:) Tj 0 -21.12 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.2893 Tc (High:) Tj 45.12 0 TD 0.768 Tc 1.4698 Tw (The answer is \221yes\222 to all three) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0825 Tc 0 Tw (questions.) Tj -66.24 -17.76 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.3095 Tc (Medium:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.0133 Tc -0.6632 Tw (The answer is \221yes\222 to the first question) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0379 Tc 0.2455 Tw (and \221yes\222 to either the second or third) Tj T* -0.1716 Tc 0 Tw (question.) Tj -66.24 -18.24 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.4022 Tc (Low:) Tj 45.12 0 TD 0.0041 Tc -0.4064 Tw (All other cases.) Tj -66.24 -18.24 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0316 Tc 1.2913 Tw (Aquatic Habitat) Tj 0 -19.2 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf -0.079 Tc -0.5633 Tw (Salt-laden runoff can potentially impact aquatic habitat) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0463 Tc -0.176 Tw (in two ways: sudden pulses of chlorides during spring) Tj T* -0.0439 Tc -0.6583 Tw (runoff, and continuous levels of chloride present in the) Tj T* -0.0469 Tc 0.5246 Tw (groundwater discharging to the receiving stream. Al-) Tj T* -0.0248 Tc -0.5907 Tw (though both types of impacts are a concern, the litera-) Tj T* -0.0255 Tc 0.1032 Tw (ture generally points to sudden pulses as the greater) Tj T* -0.0081 Tc -0.6342 Tw (concern. With either type of impact, the existing litera-) Tj T* -0.1667 Tc -0.5556 Tw (ture is not clear on \223how much is too much\224. The follow-) Tj T* -0.0668 Tc -0.6354 Tw (ing provides a guideline for assessing the potential im-) Tj T* -0.0507 Tc 0 Tw (pact:) Tj 0 -19.2 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.2893 Tc (High:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.2852 Tc -0.4051 Tw (The receiving watercourse has a perma-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0852 Tc -0.509 Tw (nent baseflow, and the catchment area) Tj T* -0.2374 Tc -0.5762 Tw (of the road represents more than 10 per-) Tj T* -0.3107 Tc -0.6401 Tw (cent of the catchment area of the stream.) Tj -66.24 -17.76 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.3095 Tc (Medium:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.2852 Tc -0.4051 Tw (The receiving watercourse has a perma-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0852 Tc -0.509 Tw (nent baseflow, and the catchment area) Tj T* -0.1283 Tc -0.4796 Tw (of the road represents less than 10 per-) Tj T* -0.3107 Tc -0.6401 Tw (cent of the catchment area of the stream.) Tj -66.24 -18.24 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.4022 Tc (Low:) Tj 45.12 0 TD 0.0377 Tc 1.3841 Tw (All other cases \(i.e. receiving water-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1093 Tc -0.5329 Tw (courses with no permanent baseflow\).) 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EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -10.08 494.4 48.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 120 /H 21 /BPC 1 /IM true ID `00x EI Q BT 304.32 46.08 TD 0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj -244.32 653.76 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.1529 Tc 1.17 Tw (Agricultural Land) Tj 0 -19.2 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf -0.1789 Tc -0.5834 Tw (Salt-laden runoff can impact crops in cases where there) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0287 Tc -0.3735 Tw (is the potential for water to pond on agricultural lands.) Tj T* -0.3325 Tc -0.4965 Tw (This situation can arise where there is poor positive drain-) Tj T* -0.0122 Tc 0.9059 Tw (age or an outlet has been blocked by ice or debris.) Tj T* 0.0052 Tc -0.3389 Tw (Guidelines for assessing potential impacts are as fol-) Tj T* -0.0804 Tc 0 Tw (lows:) Tj 0 -18.72 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.2893 Tc (High:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.1309 Tc -0.6714 Tw (Agricultural land is adjacent to the road,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0458 Tc -0.1508 Tw (and off road drainage has a high likeli-) Tj T* -0.1097 Tc -0.6525 Tw (hood of ponding or blockage.) Tj -66.24 -18.24 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.3095 Tc (Medium:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.1309 Tc -0.6714 Tw (Agricultural land is adjacent to the road,) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.1306 Tc 1.5929 Tw (and off road drainage has a low to) Tj T* 0.4142 Tc 1.5836 Tw (moderate potential for ponding or) Tj T* -0.1003 Tc 0 Tw (blockage.) Tj -66.24 -17.76 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.4022 Tc (Low:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.0605 Tc 1.4823 Tw (Agricultural land is either outside the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2217 Tc -0.5919 Tw (road runoff influence zone, or there is no) Tj T* -0.0893 Tc -0.505 Tw (agricultural land adjacent to the road.) Tj -66.24 -18.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.4299 Tc 0 Tw (Wetlands) Tj 0 -19.2 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf 0.1043 Tc 1.482 Tw (Swamps, peat bogs, marshes, and other types of) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0166 Tc -0.0257 Tw (wetlands can be impacted where runoff is directed to) Tj T* 0.041 Tc -0.3061 Tw (natural roadside vegetation features. In these cases) Tj T* -0.0331 Tc -0.5873 Tw (the runoff may enter the wetland as sheet flow or via a) Tj T* -0.0419 Tc -0.2231 Tw (roadside ditch. With very high and prolonged chloride) Tj T* 0.0032 Tc 0.6746 Tw (loading, there is the possibility that changes in local) Tj T* -0.012 Tc 0.0897 Tw (plant composition may occur, with the possibility of a) Tj T* -0.2906 Tc -0.5916 Tw (reduction in the overall value and diversity of the wetland.) Tj T* -0.0988 Tc -0.5091 Tw (Small, perched wetlands that intercept the shallow wa-) Tj T* -0.0188 Tc -0.6234 Tw (ter table or that are primarily surface water dependant) Tj T* -0.1655 Tc -0.5968 Tw (may be most susceptible to chloride loading effects due) Tj T* -0.2756 Tc -0.4626 Tw (to their small size and a reduced dilution potential. Large) Tj T* -0.1807 Tc -0.4273 Tw (wetlands with extensive catchment areas and high dilu-) Tj 0 -11.04 TD -0.0277 Tc -0.1345 Tw (tion potential are likely more tolerant of chloride load-) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0014 Tc -0.6675 Tw (ing. Potential impacts may be classified as follows for) Tj T* -0.0647 Tc -0.5296 Tw (wetlands located adjacent to the roadway:) Tj 0 -19.2 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.2893 Tc (High:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.0698 Tc 0.0676 Tw (No clear flow path evident through the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0917 Tc -0.5506 Tw (wetland and/or small perched roadside) Tj T* -0.029 Tc -0.5652 Tw (wetlands present \(<5 ha in size\).) Tj 192 469.44 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 20.64 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.3095 Tc (Medium:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.125 Tc -0.5173 Tw (Poorly defined channel evident through) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.268 Tc 1.3698 Tw (the wetland and/or moderate sized) Tj T* 0.0803 Tc 1.4374 Tw (wetland with better dilution potential) Tj T* 0.0041 Tc -0.5263 Tw (\(5 -20 ha in size\).) Tj -65.76 -17.76 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 20.64 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.4022 Tc (Low:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.2012 Tc -0.4411 Tw (Clearly defined channel evident through) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.8019 Tw (the wetland and/or large wetland with) Tj T* -0.0422 Tc -0.52 Tw (good dilution potential \(>20 ha in size\).) Tj -65.76 -18.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.2359 Tc 0 Tw (Wildlife) Tj 0 -19.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf 0.0195 Tc -0.0484 Tw (Ponded runoff can serve as a salt source for wildlife.) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0118 Tc -0.1741 Tw (The attraction of the wildlife to the saltwater can be a) Tj T* 0.0139 Tc -0.4161 Tw (safety hazard. Potential impacts may be classified as) Tj T* -0.1808 Tc 0 Tw (follows:) Tj 0 -21.12 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 20.64 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.2893 Tc (High:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.2371 Tc -0.6451 Tw (Roadway located in an area where large) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.2386 Tc 1.5671 Tw (mammals \(such as elk, big horned) Tj T* -0.235 Tc -0.6472 Tw (sheep, white-tailed deer and moose\) are) Tj T* -0.0699 Tc -0.6203 Tw (present and where roadside ponding is) Tj T* 0.5805 Tc 1.7373 Tw (a current problem or has a high) Tj T* -0.2957 Tc -0.3946 Tw (potential based on design limitations and) Tj T* -0.3448 Tc 0 Tw (topography.) Tj -65.76 -17.76 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 20.64 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.3095 Tc (Medium:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.2901 Tc -0.3042 Tw (Roadway located as above but roadside) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0971 Tc -0.5109 Tw (ponding is not a current problem or has) Tj T* 0.1021 Tc 1.5116 Tw (only a moderate potential based on) Tj T* -0.1415 Tc -0.4207 Tw (design limitations and topography.) Tj -65.76 -18.24 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 20.64 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.4022 Tc (Low:) Tj 45.12 0 TD -0.0592 Tc -0.583 Tw (Roadway located as above but there is) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.046 Tc 0.2197 Tw (no existing or future roadside ponding) Tj T* -0.1057 Tc 0.0875 Tw (problem, or large mammals are limited) Tj T* -0.0293 Tc -0.613 Tw (or absent in the area.) Tj -65.76 -18.24 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.1047 Tc 1.2182 Tw (Impact Identification Summary) Tj 0 -19.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0267 Tc -0.6422 Tw (The potential impacts of salt on each of the categories) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0778 Tc 0.5289 Tw (can be summarized in a table similar to the following) Tj T* -0.1455 Tc -0.5568 Tw (example. This table represents a starting point for iden-) Tj T* -0.1801 Tc -0.5101 Tw (tifying appropriate drainage management practices that) Tj T* -0.064 Tc 1.3418 Tw (can be used to minimize the impacts of salt on the) Tj T* -0.2102 Tc -0.192 Tw (adjacent environment:) Tj -95.04 -57.12 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F5 12 Tf -0.121 Tc 0.265 Tw (Features That May Be Impacted) Tj -151.2 -24.48 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.08 Tf 0.0203 Tc 0.5375 Tw (Impact Potential) Tj 85.92 0 TD -0.0298 Tc 0 Tw (Groundwater) Tj 72.48 0 TD -0.0403 Tc -0.3619 Tw (Aquatic Habitat) Tj 88.32 0 TD -0.1315 Tc 0 Tw (Agriculture) Tj 82.08 0 TD -0.0807 Tc (Wetlands) Tj 81.6 0 TD 0.1994 Tc (Wildlife) Tj -410.4 -20.64 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.168 Tc -0.2343 Tw (Not Applicable) Tj 269.28 0 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj -269.28 -21.12 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.5622 Tc (Low) Tj 425.28 0 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj -425.28 -21.12 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.1341 Tc (Medium) Tj 347.04 0 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj -347.04 -21.12 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.2611 Tc (High) Tj 113.28 0 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc (n) Tj 77.76 0 TD (n) Tj ET 60 207.36 m 552 207.36 l 552 72.48 l 60 72.48 l 60 207.36 l 60.96 73.44 l 551.04 73.44 l 551.04 206.4 l 60.96 206.4 l 60.96 73.44 l 60 207.36 l f* 60 181.44 492 0.96 re f 60 159.36 492 0.96 re f 60 95.52 492 0.96 re f 60 120.48 492 0.96 re f 60 139.68 492 0.96 re f 151.2 72.48 0.96 108.96 re f 224.16 72.48 0.96 108.96 re f 310.08 72.48 0.96 108.96 re f 385.92 72.48 0.96 108.96 re f 464.16 72.48 0.96 108.96 re f endstream endobj 23 0 obj 9058 endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F4 19 0 R /F5 24 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 22 0 R >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 28 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.32 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 10.08 Tf -0.1352 Tc -0.587 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 398.88 0 TD -0.2972 Tc -0.345 Tw (4.0 DRAINAGE AND) Tj -398.88 -12 TD 0.0436 Tc 0.0342 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 348 0 TD -0.3992 Tc -0.483 Tw (STORMWATER MANAGEMENT) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.52 492 0.96 re f BT 475.68 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0455 Tc -0.3568 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -5.76 60 54.24 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 120 /H 12 /BPC 1 /IM true ID s ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -10.08 60 48.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 120 /H 21 /BPC 1 /IM true ID `00x EI Q BT 305.28 46.08 TD 0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.28 492 0.96 re f BT 60 698.88 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.1951 Tc -0.6209 Tw (IDENTIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVE) Tj 0 -14.4 TD -0.0663 Tc -0.7497 Tw (MANAGEMENT PRACTICES) Tj 0 -20.16 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0922 Tc -0.55 Tw (The minimization of salt related impacts should be one) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0234 Tc 0.0212 Tw (objective of any management strategy formulated for) Tj T* -0.174 Tc -0.5711 Tw (roadway drainage systems. Unfortunately, the range of) Tj T* -0.1443 Tc -0.578 Tw (potential impacts from salt-laden runoff offers consider-) Tj T* -0.1037 Tc -0.6185 Tw (able challenges to the designer. There are a number of) Tj T* -0.2201 Tc -0.5554 Tw (practices that can aid in the management of runoff, how-) Tj T* -0.1118 Tc -0.6505 Tw (ever each practice may mitigate some types of impacts) Tj T* -0.2336 Tc -0.5686 Tw (while accentuating others. For example, promoting rapid) Tj T* -0.0865 Tc -0.8557 Tw (conveyance of runoff to a receiving watercourse will re-) Tj T* -0.2602 Tc -0.5535 Tw (duce the potential for impairment of potable groundwater) Tj 0 -323.04 TD -0.0543 Tc -0.1679 Tw (The following table illustrates the merits of each man-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0229 Tc 0.0207 Tw (agement practice in addressing the potential impacts) Tj T* -0.0785 Tc -0.5371 Tw (that can result from salt-laden runoff. As the table illus-) Tj T* -0.0951 Tc -0.6271 Tw (trates the practices which benefit groundwater impacts) Tj T* -0.0017 Tc -0.6063 Tw (are typically consistent with those that benefit agricul-) Tj T* -0.2832 Tc -0.659 Tw (ture, wetlands, and wildlife. However, most of these prac-) Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.3985 Tw (tices have the potential to negatively impact aquatic) Tj T* -0.0307 Tc 0.2456 Tw (resources. This table, in conjunction with the ranking) Tj T* -0.0749 Tc -0.5407 Tw (summary table prepared at the end of the impact iden-) Tj T* -0.06 Tc -0.5479 Tw (tification process, will help to determine which impacts) Tj T* -0.0235 Tc -0.2587 Tw (can be successfully mitigated through the use of spe-) Tj T* -0.0851 Tc -0.7971 Tw (cific drainage measures.) Tj 257.76 599.04 TD -0.0217 Tc -0.6206 Tw (while increasing potential impacts on aquatic environ-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.05 Tc 0 Tw (ment.) Tj 0 -21.12 TD -0.1348 Tc -0.7475 Tw (Eight alternative management practices can be consid-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0817 Tc -0.7045 Tw (ered. In most cases, these practices will be required to) Tj T* -0.2766 Tc -0.4856 Tw (achieve other drainage objectives. For some sites, com-) Tj T* -0.0341 Tc -0.6081 Tw (binations of these measures may be required to effec-) Tj T* -0.186 Tc -0.6363 Tw (tively minimize impacts related to salt rich surface drain-) Tj T* -0.2091 Tc -0.5291 Tw (age. This is not a comprehensive list of measures avail-) Tj T* -0.1622 Tc -0.6667 Tw (able to the designer. Local drainage policies in different) Tj T* -0.0054 Tc -0.1912 Tw (parts of the country may identify additional measures) Tj T* -0.1161 Tc -0.4919 Tw (that could be implemented effectively to mitigate drain-) Tj T* -0.0528 Tc -0.3494 Tw (age impacts.) Tj 0 -325.92 TD 0.0051 Tc -0.7807 Tw (In most cases conflicts will not arise, and the selection) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0433 Tc 0.2011 Tw (of suitable management practices for minimization of) Tj T* -0.0346 Tc 0.5924 Tw (salt impacts will be relatively simple. The measures) Tj T* -0.0815 Tc -0.534 Tw (will typically be selected as part of the overall manage-) Tj T* -0.1743 Tc -0.5708 Tw (ment strategy formulated to achieve other drainage and) Tj T* -0.0017 Tc -0.1605 Tw (stormwater management objectives. In cases where) Tj T* -0.011 Tc -0.6312 Tw (objectives are conflicting, the practitioner must review) Tj T* 0.0314 Tc -0.6736 Tw (each site on its own merits and set priorities such that) Tj T* -0.081 Tc -0.5612 Tw (the overall impacts are minimized.) Tj -245.76 378.24 TD /F0 10.08 Tf 0.0517 Tc -0.4539 Tw (Management Practice) Tj 169.92 0 TD -0.2757 Tc 0 Tw (Purpose) Tj -169.92 -21.12 TD /F2 10.08 Tf 0 Tc -0.4022 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 15.84 0 TD -0.1175 Tc -0.2847 Tw (Sheet Flow) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.0959 Tc -0.6492 Tw (Runoff conveyed across grass buffer strips or embankments.) Tj -169.92 -21.12 TD 0 Tc -0.4022 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 15.84 0 TD -0.0241 Tc (V-ditch) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.1066 Tc -0.7071 Tw (Runoff conveyed by roadside ditch to receiving watercourse.) Tj -169.92 -21.12 TD 0 Tc -0.4022 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 15.84 0 TD -0.169 Tc -0.2332 Tw (Storm Sewer) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.1004 Tc -0.7218 Tw (Runoff conveyed away from sensitive areas using storm sewer) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0753 Tc -0.487 Tw (system \(negligible infiltration potential\).) Tj -169.92 -20.64 TD 0 Tc -0.4022 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 15.84 0 TD -0.0697 Tc -0.6526 Tw (Flat Bottom \(Trapezoidal\) Ditch) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.0543 Tc -0.7079 Tw (Runoff conveyed by roadside ditch with flat bottom ditch.) Tj -169.92 -21.12 TD 0.1555 Tc -0.3178 Tw ( 5) Tj 21.12 0 TD -0.1299 Tc -0.7523 Tw (Flat Bottom \(Trapezoidal\)) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.0682 Tc -0.7073 Tw (Runoff conveyed by flat bottom ditch which includes on-line storage) Tj -148.8 -12 TD -0.0815 Tc -0.5607 Tw (Ditch with Storage) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.0472 Tc -0.6751 Tw ( to trap sediment and reduce velocities and runoff rates.) Tj -169.92 -21.12 TD 0.1555 Tc -0.3178 Tw ( 6) Tj 21.12 0 TD -0.0753 Tc -0.8069 Tw (Dry Basin \(Pond\)) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.1061 Tc -0.5962 Tw (Runoff directed to stormwater management basin designed to reduce) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1234 Tc -0.6388 Tw (runoff rates and promote sedimentation.) Tj -169.92 -21.12 TD 0 Tc -0.4022 Tw ( ) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.1555 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj 15.84 0 TD -0.0302 Tc -0.8521 Tw (Wet Basin \(Pond\)) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.1061 Tc -0.5962 Tw (Runoff directed to stormwater management basin designed to reduce) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1012 Tc -0.5753 Tw (runoff rates, promote sedimentation and enlarge biological uptake.) Tj -169.92 -20.64 TD 0.1555 Tc -0.3178 Tw ( 8) Tj 21.12 0 TD -0.1108 Tc -0.7714 Tw (Buffer Strip and) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.0902 Tc -0.5254 Tw (Berm designed to contain runoff within buffer strip, with positive) Tj -148.8 -12 TD -0.071 Tc -0.8113 Tw (Containment Berm) Tj 148.8 0 TD -0.0939 Tc -0.9083 Tw (outlet provided to prevent flooding and sustained water levels.) 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TAC) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0409 Tc -0.5533 Tw (gratefully acknowledges the following sponsors for) Tj T* -0.0616 Tc -0.5326 Tw (their generous contributions to the project.) Tj 0 -21.12 TD -0.1581 Tc -0.7242 Tw (Alberta Transportation) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0746 Tc -0.5676 Tw (City of Calgary) Tj T* -0.0482 Tc -0.5941 Tw (City of Ottawa) Tj T* 0.0352 Tc -0.9174 Tw (City of Saskatoon) Tj T* -0.1862 Tc -0.4561 Tw (City of Toronto) Tj T* -0.007 Tc -0.8752 Tw (City of Winnipeg) Tj T* -0.2941 Tc -0.5882 Tw (Environment Canada) Tj T* -0.1992 Tc -0.4431 Tw (Manitoba Transportation and Government Services) Tj T* -0.0845 Tc -0.6777 Tw (Minist\350re des Transports du Qu\351bec) Tj T* -0.1425 Tc -0.4997 Tw (New Brunswick Department of Transportation) Tj T* -0.0943 Tc -0.692 Tw (Nova Scotia Transportation and Public Works) Tj T* -0.0268 Tc -0.3755 Tw (Salt Institute) Tj T* -0.1167 Tc -0.7656 Tw (Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation) Tj T* -0.3648 Tc -0.0374 Tw (Transport Canada) Tj 0 -20.64 TD /F0 10.08 Tf -0.085 Tc -0.3172 Tw (Principal Consultant) Tj 0 -12 TD /F2 10.08 Tf -0.0658 Tc -0.3364 Tw (Ecoplans Limited) Tj 243.84 247.2 TD -0.1828 Tc -0.8195 Tw (This document is the product of a project conducted) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1605 Tc -0.6617 Tw (on behalf of the Chief Engineers\222 Council under the) Tj T* -0.0071 Tc -0.3152 Tw (supervision of a project steering committee com-) Tj T* -0.186 Tc -0.4563 Tw (prised of project sponsors and volunteer members.) Tj T* -0.1361 Tc 0.0767 Tw (TAC thanks all the committee members who con-) Tj T* -0.0246 Tc -0.6519 Tw (tributed their time and effort to the project.) 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Tj -21.12 -18.24 TD /F4 10.08 Tf 0.1502 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21.12 0 TD /F2 10.08 Tf 0.02 Tc 0.0577 Tw (Data analysis will have to take into account any) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0455 Tc 0.1233 Tw (confounding data such as chlorides entering the) Tj T* -0.1653 Tc -0.6369 Tw (environment from other sources \(e.g. private uses,) Tj T* -0.0731 Tc -0.4892 Tw (water softeners, landfills etc.\)) Tj -21.12 -17.76 TD -0.0577 Tc -0.5846 Tw (Records should be kept on the chloride or conductivity) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.3928 Tw (levels and snow and ice control events to determine) Tj T* -0.0256 Tc -0.3166 Tw (how the levels fluctuate around an event. The analyst) Tj T* -0.0273 Tc -0.519 Tw (will want to be able to draw conclusions on whether or) Tj T* -0.0788 Tc -0.6663 Tw (not the applications of best salt management practices) Tj T* -0.169 Tc -0.4732 Tw (are having an effect on the chloride levels in the aquatic) Tj T* -0.0578 Tc -0.3444 Tw (environment. It will be important to determine whether) Tj T* -0.0347 Tc -0.1275 Tw (or not drops in chloride levels can be attributed to im-) Tj T* 0.0014 Tc -0.4036 Tw (proved practices and not just different weather condi-) Tj T* -0.0152 Tc 0 Tw (tions.) 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